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Social Change and Modernity
Namibia was colonized by Germany and South Africa and was named Südwestafrika or South West Africa. During the colonial period, many indigenous peoples were dispossessed of their lands and relegated to reserves established for each ethnic group. The emphasis on ethnicity was opposed by growing nationalist sentiment, and Namibia became a unitary nation-state when it gained independence in Location and Geography. Coveringsquare milessquare kilometers on the southwest coast of Africa, Namibia is bordered by Angola and Zambia northBotswana eastSouth Africa southand the Atlantic Ocean west.
The coast, with its productive fishing grounds and the deep water harbor of Walvis Bay, is edged by the dunes and gravel plains of the Namib desert. Inland, the hills and plains of the central plateau are predominantly scrub savannah, gradually transforming into the Kalahari semi-desert to the east.
The flat north-central and northeastern regions have extensive flood plains and areas of dense vegetation. The driest country in sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia only has permanent rivers on its northern and southern borders. With large expanses of arid and semi-arid land, Namibia has a small population— about 1.
The population is youthful, with 44 percent aged fourteen and under and only 4 percent older than About 60 percent live in the far north, where rainfall is sufficient for grain farming.
In Namibia's capital city, Windhoek, had a population ofLinguistic Affiliation. Despite the small population, there is great linguistic variety. Most Namibians speak Bantu languages like Oshiwambo and Otjiherero as their first language. Afrikaans was promoted as a language of wider communication before independence and is still widely spoken in buy a reasearch paper for sociology and central Namibia.
At independence, English was chosen as the primary language for government and education because it was not associated with any particular ethnicity and could facilitate interaction with the outside world. Urban dwellers, young people, buy a reasearch paper for sociology, and northerners are more likely to have learned it. The colors on the national flag symbolize important natural and human characteristics of Namibia: sunlight and the desert yellowrain and the ocean bluecrops and vegetation greenthe blood shed in war redand peace and reconciliation white.
Schoolchildren sing the national anthem daily; it is also heard on the radio and at national celebrations. Namibia was originally inhabited by nomadic hunters, gatherers, buy a reasearch paper for sociology, and pastoralists livestock herdersthe ancestors of today's Bushman and Khoispeaking people.
Agriculturalists and pastoralists speaking Bantu languages, such as the Owambo and Herero, arrived in the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries and settled throughout northern and central Namibia.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Nama- and Afrikaans-speaking pastoralists, under pressure from white settlers in South Africa, moved into southern and central Namibia Namibia.
The different groups came into conflict over access to land and other resources, but they were linked by trade relationships, buy a reasearch paper for sociology. European traders, missionaries, and settlers began arriving in significant numbers in the mids. Increasing expropriations of land and cattle by German settlers led Herero and Nama communities to rebel. In a series of genocidal wars from tothe German military killed three-quarters buy a reasearch paper for sociology the Herero population and nearly one-half the Namas.
The survivors were settled on barren reserves and forced to work in mines and on commercial farms. Since labor was short, buy a reasearch paper for sociology, large numbers of men from the far north, a densely-populated area not subject buy a reasearch paper for sociology white settlement, were brought south as contract laborers. This pattern of eviction from the land and migrant labor continued when South Africa assumed control after World War I.
In the s and s, South Africa formally extended its apartheid system to Namibia, creating ethnic homelands with their own administrations for each ethnic group. Movement outside one's own homeland was strictly controlled. Emergence of the Nation. The boundaries defining present-day Namibia were European creations, and there was no prior sense of common identity among the many different groups inhabiting the area. Their common experience of oppression under colonialism, however, led to shared nationalist sentiment, first expressed in the s during a letter-writing campaign by traditional leaders to the United Nations protesting South African rule.
Initiated by the Herero Chiefs Council, the campaign grew throughout the s to include leaders from other ethnic groups. Inthirteen protestors were killed in Windhoek by South African forces as they demonstrated against the planned relocation of their community.
The Windhoek Massacre and ensuing government repression stimulated the rise of new nationalist organizations. The most successful of these, buy a reasearch paper for sociology, the South West Africa People's Organization SWAPOwas initially based among Owambo contract workers, but soon attracted broader support, took up armed struggle, and gained UN recognition as the "sole and authentic" representative of the Namibian people.
The strongest and most enduring element of SWAPO ideology has been nationalism, seen as a necessary counter to the ethnic divisions perpetuated by apartheid. At independence on 21 MarchSWAPO became the first democratically elected ruling party of the new nation, a position it has held through two subsequent elections.
The country was divided into thirteen new administrative regions, cross-cutting the boundaries of the former ethnic homelands. National Identity. Despite significant cultural differences and considerable ethnic stereotyping, there is a widely shared orientation to the nation, particularly among young people, who are more likely to travel through the country for economic and educational reasons, buy a reasearch paper for sociology. Urban areas, large workplaces such as mines and fisheries, and secondary and tertiary schools are multi-ethnic sites where people are creating new ways of interacting across ethnic boundaries.
Soccer is extremely popular among men of all ethnicities, and the national team is followed buy a reasearch paper for sociology and is widely discussed. Ethnic Relations. Despite the emphasis on nationalism, ethnicity is still a force in Namibian society. Some groups have restored kings to power and made land claims since independence, and the official opposition party, the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance DTAis an alliance of ethnically-based organizations. Some members of smaller groups fear domination by the Owambos, who comprise about half the population of the country and provide most of SWAPO's electoral support, buy a reasearch paper for sociology.
Most of central and southern Namibia, an area formerly known as the Police Zone, was appropriated for white settlement. Today it consists of large commercial farms and widely scattered towns with Western-style buildings, some distinctly German.
In the rural communal areas former ethnic homelandsthere are a variety of architectural styles in addition to Western buildings.
Construction materials include sticks and logs, earth, and thatch. Houses may be round, square, or beehive-shaped; in some areas, clusters of huts are enclosed in wooden palisades. Some dwellings and shops are also made of metal sheets or concrete blocks with metal roofs, a style also seen in some urban neighborhoods.
In urban areas under apartheid, whites buy a reasearch paper for sociology in the town centers, while blacks and mixed-race people were clustered in outlying "locations," sometimes divided into sections by ethnicity. Although legislation enforcing this racial segregation was abolished in the late s and s, attitudes and economic barriers have changed more slowly and this pattern has persisted.
Urbanization increased greatly after independence, especially in Windhoek, as the last restrictions on population movement were removed and exiles returned from abroad. The rapidity of urban growth has led to problems in the provision of basic services as well as higher unemployment and increased crime.
Food in Daily Life. For agriculturalists, the staple foods buy a reasearch paper for sociology millet and sorghum; for pastoralists, dairy products. Beans and greens are eaten with millet in the north, but otherwise few vegetables are grown or consumed. Hunting and gathering, more important in the past, still provides a dietary supplement for some. Meat is highly desired and eaten Himba woman next to a mud hut at a Nomadic People Camp in the Skeleton Coast.
Namibia was originally inhabited by nomadic hunters, gatherers, and pastoralists. as often as it is feasible—daily for some, on special occasions for others. Fish consumption is slowly increasing with government promotion of Namibian fish products. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions, buy a reasearch paper for sociology. Important occasions are marked by the slaughter of cattle or goats, and the consumption of meat, home-brewed beer, purchased beverages, and other foods. In some cultures, leftover meat is sent home with the guests.
Basic Economy. Buy a reasearch paper for sociology Namibian economy is divided between capital-intensive industry, which accounts for most of the gross domestic product, and labor-intensive subsistence agriculture, which employs over half of the population. Land Tenure and Property. Land tenure in central and southern Namibia is based on private property. In the rural communal areas, land is not bought or sold; families have heritable rights to use specific plots or pay fees to traditional leaders for use rights.
In pastoral communities, all members generally have access to grazing and water in the community's area. Recent sources of controversy include the illegal fencing of communal land for private use by the wealthy and the extensive ownership of land by whites. Commercial Activities. Alongside Namibian retail stores and South African chains, informal, buy a reasearch paper for sociology, small-scale commercial activity is widespread.
Home-brewed alcohol, freshly butchered meat, prepared foods, and crafts are the major products sold. Others buy small quantities of soap, fruit, watches, and other goods to resell along the roadside or in small shops.
Major Industries. Mining diamonds and other gemstones, uraniumfishing and fish processing, and commercial agriculture cattle and sheep have long been the economic mainstays in terms of value produced, buy a reasearch paper for sociology.
Earnings fluctuate greatly depending on world market prices and weather conditions. The manufacturing sector is growing with government promotion and incentives, although the small size of the skilled labor force and domestic market are limiting factors. Tourism has grown substantially since independence. Diamonds and other minerals are the most important exports, followed by processed and unprocessed fish, other food products, and live animals.
The main export destinations include the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Spain. Most imports are purchased from South Africa, and include food and beverages as well as a wide variety buy a reasearch paper for sociology manufactured goods.
Imports slightly exceed exports. Classes and Castes. Namibia is characterized by great economic inequality; the wealthiest 1 percent consume more than the poorest half of the population combined.
Segregation has continued since the end of apartheid, although more non-whites have joined the upper classes. Whites, only 7 percent of the population, own and manage most large businesses and commercial farms; in the civil service, the races are on more equal terms.
In the rural communal areas, teachers, health care workers, government employees, and successful business people form a local elite, though they are still closely integrated into their communities through kinship ties and obligations. Symbols of Social Stratification. The wealthier classes of all races are distinguished by expensive cars, large homes in exclusive neighborhoods, a command of English, attendance at private schools, and extensive travel.
Sociology research paper
, time: 12:05Culture of Namibia - history, people, women, food, customs, family, social, marriage, men
Others buy small quantities of soap, fruit, watches, and other goods to resell along the roadside or in small shops. Major Industries. Mining (diamonds and other gemstones, uranium), fishing and fish processing, and commercial agriculture (cattle and sheep) have long been the economic mainstays in terms of value produced Thesis paper topics us history, book report fiction example headline resume for Job. Essay on dea, financial aid assistant resume, me talk pretty one day david sedaris 50 essays how to write a ap history thesis, examples friendship definition essays. Buy criminal law book review. Sociology essay questions Example of abstract in term paper. Dissertation topics on library science Paper interview essay, argumentative essay on alexander the great, scenic road flower essay. Essay on roe vs wade. 50 essays google books bible dissertation how to write a division function in excel. Install resume wizard my childhood narrative essay. Wagner beethoven essay
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